Disproportionate bill length dimorphism and niche differentiation in wintering western sandpipers
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چکیده
Western sandpipers (Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857)) exhibit slight female-biased sexual size dimorphism (5%) but disproportionate bill length dimorphism (15.9%). We test two predictions of the niche differentiation hypothesis at two wintering sites in Mexico with uniform western sandpiper densities, and use sex ratio as an index of intersexual competition. First, to test whether bill length dimorphism is larger at sites where sex ratios are strongly male-biased, we develop a migrant-based null model to represent dimorphism (12%, based on the average of males and females) in the absence of competition. Relative to the null model, bill length dimorphism was significantly larger at the large site (Santa Marı́a: 13.4%) but not at the small site (Punta Banda: 12.7%). Second, we tested whether bill length dimorphism increases as sex ratio approaches 1:1. Although the sex-ratio difference between sites was only 5%, bill length dimorphism increased marginally in the predicted direction. Additional comparisons suggest a cline in bill length dimorphism that mirrors a latitudinal gradient in prey burial depth. While sexual size dimorphism in the western sandpiper likely derived from selection for different body size optima, intersexual competition for food on the wintering grounds appears to have promoted further divergence in bill length. Résumé : Les bécasseaux d’Alaska (Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857) possèdent un faible dimorphisme sexuel de la taille (5 %) qui favorise les femelles; en revanche, le dimorphisme des longueurs de bec (15,9 %) est disproportionné. Nous testons deux prédictions de l’hypothèse de la différenciation des niches à deux sites d’hivernage du Mexique à densités uniformes de bécasseaux et nous utilisons le rapport mâles:femelles comme indice de compétition entre les sexes. D’abord, pour vérifier si le dimorphisme sexuel des becs est plus important là où le rapport des sexes favorise fortement les mâles, nous mettons au point un modèle nul basé sur les migrateurs qui représente le dimorphisme en l’absence de compétition (12 % d’après les moyennes des mâles et des femelles). Par rapport au modèle nul, le dimorphisme des longueurs de becs est significativement plus important au site plus étendu (Santa Marı́a : 13,4 %), mais non au site plus restreint (Punta Banda: 12,7 %). Nous vérifions ensuite si le dimorphisme des longueurs de becs augmente lorsque le rapport des sexes s’approche de 1:1. Bien que la différence de rapport des sexes entre les sites soit seulement de 5 %, le dimorphisme des longueurs de becs augmente (marginalement) dans le sens prédit. D’autres comparaisons laissent croire qu’il existe un gradient dans le dimorphisme des longueurs des becs qui reflète un gradient latitudinal des profondeurs d’enfouissement des proies. Alors que le dimorphisme sexuel de la taille chez les bécasseaux d’Alaska s’explique par une sélection d’optimums différents de taille du corps, la compétition entre les sexes pour la nourriture sur les sites d’hivernage semble avoir favorisé une divergence supplémentaire dans la longueur du bec. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
منابع مشابه
The Long and the Short of It: No Dietary Specialisation between Male and Female Western Sandpipers Despite Strong Bill Size Dimorphism
Many bird species show spatial or habitat segregation of the sexes during the non-breeding season. One potential ecological explanation is that differences in bill morphology favour foraging niche specialisation and segregation. Western sandpipers Calidris mauri have pronounced bill size dimorphism, with female bills averaging 15% longer than those of males. The sexes differ in foraging behavio...
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تاریخ انتشار 2008